"Sunspots are temporary phenomena on the photosphere of the Sun that appear visibly as dark spots compared to surrounding regions. They are caused by intense magnetic activity, which inhibits convection by an effect comparable to the eddy current brake, forming areas of reduced surface temperature."
"A solar flare is a sudden brightening observed over the Sun surface or the solar limb, which is interpreted as a large energy release of up to 6 × 1025 joules of energy[1] (about a sixth of the total energy output of the Sun each second). The flare ejects clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona into space. These clouds typically reach Earth a day or two after the event.[2] The term is also used to refer to similar phenomena in other stars, where the term stellar flare applies."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_flare ,nov 21, 2011, wikipedia ,
"The solar wind is a stream of charged particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of the Sun. It mostly consists of electrons and protons with energies usually between 1.5 and 10 keV. The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed over time. These particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high kinetic energy and the high temperature of the corona."
"The solar wind creates the heliosphere, a vast bubble in the interstellar medium that surrounds the Solar System. Other phenomena include geomagnetic storms that can knock out power grids on Earth, the aurorae (northern and southern lights), and the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun."
B) The sun is related to the auroras by the solar flares the sun gives out.
"Satellite solar outages occur because the Sun which is a powerful broadband microwave noise source passes directly behind the satellite (when viewed from Earth) and the receiver with the beam directed towards the satellite picks up both the satellite signal and the noise from the Sun.
The degree of interference caused by a satellite solar outage varies from slight signal degradation to complete loss of signal as the downlink is swamped by the noise from the Sun."
"It's not the sun spots directly, but what's actually causing the sun spots. Which is intense magnetic activity in the sun. This causes clouds of charged particles to hit the earth, this is called a geomagnetic storm, it can affect satellites and strong ones can affects power grids by inducing currents in conductors."
C) "After the Big Bang, when the universe cooled enough for atoms to form, the only elements around were hydrogen, helium, and a little bit of lithium. The first heavier elements were formed in the cores of stars, where the temperature and pressure was high enough to drive nuclear fusion. The biggest stars formed the elements up through iron, but could not go any higher because iron fusion is endothermic. When those stars exploded as supernovae, neutron capture caused the formation of even heavier elements. That pretty much accounts for all the naturally-occurring elements."
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